Fish bone relabeling: more testing for homology
Earlier
The skull of the extant walking catfish, Clarias (Fig 1) was compared to the skull of the Late Silurian placoderm, Entelognathus (Fig 1).
Figure 4. At left, Clarias, the walking catfish. At right, Entelognathus, the Late Silurian placoderm.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg?w=300″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg?w=584″ class=”size-full wp-image-81852″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg” alt=”Figure 4. At left, Clarias, the walking catfish. At right, Entelognathus, the Late Silurian placoderm.” width=”584″ height=”375″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg?w=584&h=375 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg?w=150&h=96 150w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg?w=300&h=193 300w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 1 At left, Clarias, the walking catfish. At right, Entelognathus, the Late Silurian placoderm. Compare to figure 2 to see DGS color changes.
That was step one –
a tentative experiment that led to the next step, updating Clarias and comparing it to the Coccosteus (with teeth) specimen (Fig 2).
Figure 1. An updated Clarias skull compared to the Coccosteus with teeth specimen.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg?w=300″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg?w=584″ class=”size-full wp-image-93236″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg” alt=”Figure 1. An updated Clarias skull compared to the Coccosteus with teeth specimen.” width=”584″ height=”375″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg?w=584&h=375 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg?w=150&h=96 150w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg?w=300&h=193 300w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/clarias-catfish-skull588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 2. An updated Clarias skull compared to the Coccosteus with teeth specimen. Compare to figure 1.
That was step two –
as the two taxa, Clarias and Coccosteus with teeth nested together in the large reptile tree (LRT, 2338 taxa). And there they remain today.
Another extant catfish,
the armored catfish, Hoplosternum (Fig 3) was DGS labeled using this Bauplan, so far as that was possible with its similar – but different skull structure.
Figure 3. Extant Hoplosternum and extinct Robustichthys were also repained using DGS colors following the earlier Bauplan.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplosternum-skull588.jpg?w=278″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplosternum-skull588.jpg?w=584″ class=”size-full wp-image-93238″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplosternum-skull588.jpg” alt=”Figure 3. Extant Hoplosternum and extinct Robustichthys were also repained using DGS colors following the earlier Bauplan.” width=”584″ height=”631″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplosternum-skull588.jpg?w=584&h=631 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplosternum-skull588.jpg?w=139&h=150 139w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplosternum-skull588.jpg?w=278&h=300 278w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplosternum-skull588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 3. Extant Hoplosternum and extinct Robustichthys were also repained using DGS colors following the earlier Bauplan.
That was step three –
and the plan seemed to be working.
Figure 4. Hoplosternum skull and overall lateral view. These skull colors follow the Clarias Bauplan.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus_invivo588.jpg?w=300″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus_invivo588.jpg?w=584″ class=”wp-image-93240 size-full” src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus_invivo588.jpg” alt=”Figure 4. Hoplerythrinus skull and overall lateral view. These skull colors follow the Clarias Bauplan.” width=”588″ height=”477″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus_invivo588.jpg 588w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus_invivo588.jpg?w=150&h=122 150w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus_invivo588.jpg?w=300&h=243 300w” sizes=”(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px” />
Figure 4. Hoplerythrinus skull and overall lateral view. These skull colors follow the Clarias Bauplan.
Today, in step four
another extant taxon, the South American the gold wolf fish or aimara, Hoplerythrinus (Fig 4) gets new DGS skull colors following the Clarias Bauplan.The colors no longer match the original diagram labels.
Note the lack of catfish barbels (Fig 4). Note similar skull suture patterns (Fig 5), taking into account millions of years of evolution, producing some fusion of elements.
At present,
Hoplerythrinus does not nest with the catfish, Clarias and Hoplosternum. The extinct and rarely studied transitional taxa are under review at this point.
This is how you let your cladogram tell you where problems are.
Figure 5. A diagram of the skull of Hoplerythrinus in dorsal and lateral views. DGS colors revised here based on the Clarias Bauplan.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus-unitaeniatus-diagram588.jpg?w=197″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus-unitaeniatus-diagram588.jpg?w=584″ class=”size-full wp-image-93243″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus-unitaeniatus-diagram588.jpg” alt=”Figure 5. A diagram of the skull of Hoplerythrinus in dorsal and lateral views. DGS colors revised here based on the Clarias Bauplan.” width=”584″ height=”888″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus-unitaeniatus-diagram588.jpg?w=584&h=888 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus-unitaeniatus-diagram588.jpg?w=99&h=150 99w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus-unitaeniatus-diagram588.jpg?w=197&h=300 197w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/hoplerythrinus-unitaeniatus-diagram588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 5. A diagram of the skull of Hoplerythrinus in dorsal and lateral views. DGS colors revised here based on the Clarias Bauplan. Note the small frontal, no longer over the orbit.
If this hypothesis stands up to further testing, or not,
I’ll let you know. In any case, it’s interesting seeing the possibilities. What I’m looking to do is model actual evolutionary events. It’s okay = part of the scientific method, to make mistakes. Mistakes are inevitable. Corrections are frequent.
Interesting stuff.
Remember,
bony fish had several separate origins. So these skull patterns and labels are not universal – and convergence is definitely out there, making the task more difficult.
Tetrapods arose apart from this lineage (Figs 1–5).
Source: https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/2025/06/15/fish-bone-relabeling-more-testing-for-homology/
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