Direct support for the TGD based model of star from supernova explosion

There is support for a solid surface of the Sun (see this) and this was one of the many solar anomalies leading to the TGD based proposal for the model of the Sun (see this), in which the stellar surface would produce and contain elements. I didn’t however expect that any other support for the proposal would emerge during my lifetime.

However, the recent news about strange findings about supernova SN2021yfj changed the situation (see the Nature article, popular article and the popular article in finnish.

The explosion of supernova SN2021yfj ejected shells rich in silicon, sulphur and argon. These elements should exist in the core of the star, not at its surface if we believe in the standard model of nuclear fusion. Therefore the discovery came as a total surprise.

Here is the abstract of the article titled “Extremely stripped supernova reveals a silicon and sulfur formation site”. Stars are initially powered by the fusion of hydrogen to helium. These ashes serve as fuel in a series of stages transforming massive stars into a structure of shells. These are composed of natal hydrogen on the outside and consecutively heavier compositions inside, predicted to be dominated by He, C/O, O/Ne/Mg and O/Si/S. Silicon and sulfur are fused into iron, leading to the collapse of the core and either a supernova explosion or the formation of a black hole. Stripped stars, in which the outer hydrogen layer has been removed and the internal He-rich or even the C/O layer below it is exposed, provide evidence for this shell structure and the cosmic element production mechanism it reflects. The supernova types that arise from stripped stars embedded in shells of circumstellar material (CSM) confirm this scenario. However, direct evidence for the most interior shells, which are responsible for producing elements heavier than oxygen, is lacking. Here we report the discovery of the supernova SN2021yfj resulting from a star stripped to its O/Si/S-rich layer.

We directly observe a thick, massive Si/S-rich shell, expelled by the progenitor shortly before the supernova explosion. Exposing such an inner stellar layer is theoretically challenging and probably requires a rarely observed mass-loss mechanism. This rare supernova event reveals advanced stages of stellar evolution, forming heavier elements, including silicon, sulfur and argon, than those detected on the surface of any known class of massive stars.

The phrase “extremely stripped” explains why the discovery was so unexpected. The article interprets SN2021yfj as a very rare case having already lost its outer layers by some mechanism, perhaps by an explosion throwing out the outer layers.

Could one understand these findings in the TGD framework?

1. In the TGD based model (see this), the transformation of dark M₈₉ nucleons to ordinary nucleons occurs at the surface layer of thickness, which is roughly the Compton length of M₈₉ nucleons scaled up by ℏ_gr,Sun/h and about Earth radius, of the star. This produces solar wind and radiation energy. The dark M₈₉ nucleons at the surface layer would decay to ordinary nucleons, radiation and perhaps also heavier elements by a process that I call p-adic cooling (see this).
2. The consumption of M₈₉ hadrons at the surface layer of the Sun requires a compensating a feed of M₈₉ hadrons as the analog of metabolic energy feed along monopole flux tubes, most naturally connecting the Sun to the galactic nucleus or blackhole.

The Sun might be seen as a cell-like system and the interior of the Sun could be very different from what it is believed to be, maybe even analogous to a cell nucleus so that the Sun could be a conscious, intelligent macroscopic quantum system. The thermodynamic model for the core would be simply wrong.

The nucleons would suffer dark fusion as the TGD counterpart of “cold fusion” to form heavier elements. The distribution of the elements produced would closely resemble the distribution assumed to be produced in ordinary fusion. This could explain the evidence for the solid surface of the Sun (see this) containing even elements as heavy as iron.

What could happen to the elements generated by the dark fusion? A good guess is that they sink to the lower heights in the gravitational field of the Sun so that they have a layered structure, having ordering similar to that assumed in the standard model of the solar core. However, the layered structure would be at the surface of the Sun rather than in the core! In the TGD based model, it would be much easier to explain the findings about SN2021yfj and also the findings of Moshina (see this).

TGD also predicts that planets were formed in the explosions throwing out a shell of dark matter at the surface of the star, later suffering a gravitational condensation to a planet (see this). SN2021yfj could have experienced this kind of explosion, mini Big Bangs throwing out surface layers.

This would predict that the nearer the planet is to the Sun, the heavier the elements forming it are and the smaller its distance from the Sun is. This conforms with the fact that inner planets are rocky planets and outer giant planets contain mostly light elements. Also SN2021yfj could have planets consisting of elements lighter than those detected. The fractality of the TGD Universe in both spatial and temporal sense suggest what might be regarded as a generalization of the “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” principle (ORP) of biology stating that the evolution of an individual reflects the evolution of the species. The evolution of the astrophysical system by mini Big Bangs could be identified as a fractally scaled down version for the evolution of the cosmos by Big Bang.

1. If taken seriously, this principle could make possible educated guesses about the cosmic evolution, for instance what happened in the formation of galaxies and stars as done in (see this this). For instance, the lower bound for the temperature of sunspots is 3000 K which is the temperature at which the decoupling of radiation from matter would have occurred in the standard cosmology. The order of magnitude for the temperature of the photosphere is about 5000 K, was this the cosmic temperature at which the stars were formed?
2. The standard cosmology requires much lower temperature and this could explain the findings of JWST in conflict with the standard cosmology. The Universe would remain transparent since the radiation could propagate along monopole flux tubes connecting astrophysical objects.

See the article ANITA anomaly, JWST observation challenging the interpretation of CMB, star formation in the remnant of a star, and strange super nova explosion and the chapter About the recent TGD based view concerning cosmology and astrophysics.

For a summary of earlier postings see Latest progress in TGD.

For the lists of articles (most of them published in journals founded by Huping Hu) and books about TGD see this.

Source: https://matpitka.blogspot.com/2025/08/direct-support-for-tgd-based-model-of.html