Notoungulata revisited
Short one today
as the graphics (Fig 1) tell the tale. These are members of the Notoungulata and their primate ancestors to scale from arboreal Notharctus to hippo-like Toxodon in the large repitle tree (LRT
The interesting thing about these interrelationships
(Fig 1) is the Cope’s Rule leading to Homalodotherium and Toxodon – followed by phylogenetic miniaturization down to Paedotherium and Interatherium.
Figure 1. Members of the Notoungulata and their ancestors according to the LRT to scale. Seeing them together helps one understand the interrelationships, despite the apparent differences.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/homalodotherium.skull2025compared-1.jpg?w=115″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/homalodotherium.skull2025compared-1.jpg?w=391″ class=”size-full wp-image-94020″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/homalodotherium.skull2025compared-1.jpg” alt=”Figure 1. Members of the Notoungulata and their ancestors according to the LRT to scale. Seeing them together helps one understand the interrelationships, despite the apparent differences.” width=”584″ height=”1528″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/homalodotherium.skull2025compared-1.jpg?w=584&h=1528 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/homalodotherium.skull2025compared-1.jpg?w=57&h=150 57w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/homalodotherium.skull2025compared-1.jpg?w=115&h=300 115w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/homalodotherium.skull2025compared-1.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 1. Members of the Notoungulata and their ancestors according to the LRT to scale. Seeing them together helps one understand the interrelationships, despite the apparent differences.
According to Wikipedia – Notoungulata:
“The notoungulate and litoptern native ungulates of South America have been shown by studies of collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequences to be a sister group to the perissodactyls, making them true ungulates. The estimated divergence date is 66 million years ago. This conflicts with the results of some morphological analyses which posited them as afrotherians. It is in line with some more recent morphological analyses which suggested they were basal euungulates. Panperissodactyla has been proposed as the name of an unranked clade to include perissodactyls and their extinct South American ungulate relatives.”
So, there’s some phylogenetic confusion among academics at present.
Suggestion: Add taxa in trait analysis. Avoid collagen and genomics, and let us know what you get when you get there.
The reexamination of this clade
took awhile to get around to. Hence this late = tardy posting. Of course, as usual, cleaning up this clade rippled through the relatively unrelated pre-placental1 taxa. So reexamination continues.
References
wiki/Notoungulata
wiki/Cope’s Rule
Source: https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/2025/08/05/notoungulata-revisited/
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