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Evidence for Mammalian Red Blood Cells in Dinosaur Fossils: A Morphological Reappraisal

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All articles by Wretch Fossil are here: http://www.wretch.cc/blog/lin440315&category_id=0

Introduction

The debate surrounding the nature of red blood cell (RBC)-like structures in fossilized dinosaur remains has intensified in recent years. Some researchers have proposed that dinosaurs, traditionally classified as reptiles, may in fact share closer affinities with mammals, as inferred from the morphology of preserved blood elements. Here, we examine a selection of images from the Flickr album (https://www.flickr.com/photos/fossil_lin/albums/72177720307335322 ) which depict cellular morphologies highly consistent with extant mammalian RBCs. These images include concave, anucleate, and highly deformable cells confined within putative blood vessels—characteristics that differ from the elliptical, nucleated RBCs of reptiles and birds.

Figure 1: Fossil fragment with erythrocyte-like impressions measuring ~18–21 µm across, showing characteristic biconcave shape.



Figure 2: 

Red-colored fossil vein showing RBC-like structures, including a highlighted cell with annotation suggesting extreme deformability consistent with mammalian RBCs.

Figure 3: Series of round RBC-like structures preserved within a blood vessel in a T. rex sample. Cells are labeled 1–5; object 5 is concave and round, morphologically typical of a mammalian erythrocyte.

Figure 4: Close-up of red, round, and concave cell labeled ‘A’ within a fossilized vessel. Interpreted as a mammalian RBC by original researchers and later publications.


Figure 5 : Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) views of vascular-like tissue structures and internal erythrocyte impressions (EN?) consistent in size and shape with mammalian RBCs.


Discussion

Mammalian red blood cells are typically biconcave, anucleate, and highly flexible. These features are evident in multiple figures provided from the fossil sample archive. In contrast, non-mammalian RBCs—such as those from reptiles and birds—tend to be nucleated, oval, and less deformable. The observed fossilized structures do not resemble reptilian erythrocytes, which would be expected to retain nuclei in preserved form. Moreover, the concavity and discoidal shape of the arrowed specimens in several micrographs strongly resemble those of mammalian RBCs.

Some cells show evident deformation, implying elasticity—a hallmark of mammalian RBC cytoskeletal architecture. Their morphology also differs from that of potential microbial or diagenetic structures. This pattern, replicated across multiple samples and techniques (optical microscopy, SEM), strengthens the hypothesis that at least some dinosaurs could have had mammalian-type erythropoiesis.

Conclusion

The figures presented here—particularly those with round, concave, and anucleate cell morphologies—strongly support the interpretation that some dinosaurs possessed mammalian red blood cells. If validated by further chemical and ultrastructural analysis, this would have profound implications for dinosaur phylogeny and physiology, potentially requiring reclassification of certain clades closer to mammals than to reptiles or birds.

Wretch Fossil’s website:http://wretchfossil.blogspot.com/


Source: https://wretchfossil.blogspot.com/2025/09/evidence-for-mammalian-red-blood-cells.html


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