Several revisions part 2
According to Wikipedia – Anthracotheriidae,
“Anthracotheriidae is a paraphyletic family of extinct, hippopotamus-like artiodactyl ungulates related to hippopotamuses and whales.”
Confirmed as monophyletic by the LRT, latest edition, derived from pigs.
Figure 1. Aumelasia, Sus, Babyrousa and Anthracotherium to scale and in phyogenetic order.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/anthracotherium_gastaldii_588.jpg?w=117″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/anthracotherium_gastaldii_588.jpg?w=401″ class=”size-full wp-image-93871″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/anthracotherium_gastaldii_588.jpg” alt=”Figure 1. Aumelasia, Sus, Babyrousa and Anthracotherium to scale and in phyogenetic order. ” width=”584″ height=”1492″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/anthracotherium_gastaldii_588.jpg?w=584&h=1492 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/anthracotherium_gastaldii_588.jpg?w=59&h=150 59w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/anthracotherium_gastaldii_588.jpg?w=117&h=300 117w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/anthracotherium_gastaldii_588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 1. Aumelasia, Sus, Babyrousa and Anthracotherium to scale and in phyogenetic order.
Figure 1a. Siamotherium is now a relative of the much larger Periphragnis in the LRT.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/periphragnis_skull588.jpg?w=272″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/periphragnis_skull588.jpg?w=584″ class=”size-full wp-image-93886″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/periphragnis_skull588.jpg” alt=”Figure 1a. Siamotherium is now a relative of the much larger Periphragnis in the LRT.” width=”584″ height=”645″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/periphragnis_skull588.jpg?w=584&h=645 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/periphragnis_skull588.jpg?w=136&h=150 136w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/periphragnis_skull588.jpg?w=272&h=300 272w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/periphragnis_skull588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 1a. Siamotherium is now a relative of the much larger Periphragnis in the LRT.
After revisions
to Siamotherium, became a smaller relative of Periphragnis (Fig 1a).
As a result
the extant pig-like taxon with crazy dorsal tusks, Babyrousa, the babirousa (Fig 1), now nests with Anthracotherium in the large reptile tree (LRT, 2339 taxa). At present the ‘hell-pig’ Dinohyus nests with other long-legged pigs like Anthracotherium, immediately basal to hippos, desmostylians and mysticetes.
So hippos are aquatic, short-legged, herbivores – but still dangerous – anthracotheres.
Figure 3. Ectocion ralstonensis reinterpreted with a tranverse premaxilla and terminal canines, as in Astraponotus and Astrapotherium.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ectocion-ralstonensis588.jpg?w=300″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ectocion-ralstonensis588.jpg?w=584″ class=”size-full wp-image-93883″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ectocion-ralstonensis588.jpg” alt=”Figure 3. Ectocion ralstonensis reinterpreted with a tranverse premaxilla and terminal canines, as in Astraponotus and Astrapotherium.” width=”584″ height=”365″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ectocion-ralstonensis588.jpg?w=584&h=365 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ectocion-ralstonensis588.jpg?w=150&h=94 150w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ectocion-ralstonensis588.jpg?w=300&h=187 300w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/ectocion-ralstonensis588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 2. Ectocion ralstonensis reinterpreted with a tranverse premaxilla and terminal canines, as in Astraponotus and Astrapotherium.
Figure 2. Astraponotus and Numidotherium. The small taxon is Ectocion ralstonensis to scale.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/astraponotus-numidotherium.skull3views588-1.jpg?w=281″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/astraponotus-numidotherium.skull3views588-1.jpg?w=584″ class=”size-full wp-image-93876″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/astraponotus-numidotherium.skull3views588-1.jpg” alt=”Figure 2. Astraponotus and Numidotherium. The small taxon is Ectocion ralstonensis to scale.” width=”584″ height=”624″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/astraponotus-numidotherium.skull3views588-1.jpg?w=584&h=624 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/astraponotus-numidotherium.skull3views588-1.jpg?w=140&h=150 140w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/astraponotus-numidotherium.skull3views588-1.jpg?w=281&h=300 281w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/astraponotus-numidotherium.skull3views588-1.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 3. Astraponotus and Numidotherium. The small taxon is Ectocion ralstonensis to scale.
After revisions
Ectocion ralstonensis now nests basal to the strange elephant-like Astraponotus and Astrapotherium. By contrast with elephants, here the tusks are formed by canines and the premaxilla becomes toothless, shrinking between the maxillae as the nasals retreat, as in elephants. Ectocion ralstonensis is still basal to Palaeomastodon, a large taxon basal to elephants.
Figure 3. Phenacodus to scale with Ectocion cedrus. These taxa are basal to astrapotheres and elephants.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/phenacodus_skull588.jpg?w=223″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/phenacodus_skull588.jpg?w=584″ class=”size-full wp-image-93878″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/phenacodus_skull588.jpg” alt=”Figure 3. Phenacodus to scale with Ectocion cedrus. These taxa are basal to astrapotheres and elephants.” width=”584″ height=”787″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/phenacodus_skull588.jpg?w=584&h=787 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/phenacodus_skull588.jpg?w=111&h=150 111w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/phenacodus_skull588.jpg?w=223&h=300 223w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/phenacodus_skull588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 4. Phenacodus to scale with Ectocion cedrus. These taxa are basal to astrapotheres and elephants.
After revisions
Ectocion cedrus nests with the larger taxon, Phenacodus (Fig 3). Note the droopy premaxilla and slender nasal overhang in both.
Figure 4. Trigonostylops and Prodinoceras now nest in the Didelphis clade in the LRT.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prodinoceras.didelphis.skull_.diagram588.jpg?w=178″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prodinoceras.didelphis.skull_.diagram588.jpg?w=584″ class=”size-full wp-image-93881″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prodinoceras.didelphis.skull_.diagram588.jpg” alt=”Figure 4. Trigonostylops and Prodinoceras now nest in the Didelphis clade in the LRT. ” width=”584″ height=”986″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prodinoceras.didelphis.skull_.diagram588.jpg?w=584&h=986 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prodinoceras.didelphis.skull_.diagram588.jpg?w=89&h=150 89w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prodinoceras.didelphis.skull_.diagram588.jpg?w=178&h=300 178w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/prodinoceras.didelphis.skull_.diagram588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 5. Trigonostylops and Prodinoceras now nest in the Didelphis clade in the LRT.
After revisions
Trigonostylops and Prodinoceras join the clade of Didelphis previously joined by Megistotherium (Fig 4).
Figure 6. The skulls of Arsinoitherium and Megacerops (a brontothere) compared.
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium_megacerops_skull588.jpg?w=95″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium_megacerops_skull588.jpg?w=324″ class=”size-full wp-image-93888″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium_megacerops_skull588.jpg” alt=”Figure 6. The skulls of Arsinoitherium and Megacerops (a brontothere) compared. ” width=”584″ height=”1845″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium_megacerops_skull588.jpg?w=584&h=1845 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium_megacerops_skull588.jpg?w=95&h=300 95w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium_megacerops_skull588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 6. The skulls of Arsinoitherium and Megacerops (a brontothere) compared.
Figure 7. The skeletons of Arsinoitherium (above) and a brontothere (below).
” data-medium-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium.brototherium588.jpg?w=278″ data-large-file=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium.brototherium588.jpg?w=584″ class=”size-full wp-image-93890″ src=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium.brototherium588.jpg” alt=”Figure 7. The skeletons of Arsinoitherium (above) and a brontothere (below). ” width=”584″ height=”630″ srcset=”https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium.brototherium588.jpg?w=584&h=630 584w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium.brototherium588.jpg?w=139&h=150 139w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium.brototherium588.jpg?w=278&h=300 278w, https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/arsinoitherium.brototherium588.jpg 588w” sizes=”(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px” />
Figure 7. The skeletons of Arsinoitherium (above) and a brontothere (below).
After revisions
Titanotheres = Brontotheres now nest apart from perissodactyls close to Arsinoitherium, (Fig 7) likewise defended by side-by-side nasal horns.
Housekeeping continues. Frustration mixed with fascination.
I learn something new every day.
References
wiki/Anthracotheriidae
wiki/Babirusa
Source: https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/2025/07/27/several-revisions-part-2/
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