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Litolophus and Grangeria finally move into Perissodactyla

Tuesday, September 1, 2026 22:49

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Blame this long overdue oversight on me.
I overlooked, ignored and forgot about the perissodactyl Propalaeotherium (Fig 1) for the last 2.5 years of revising and updating the mammal subset of the LRT, not realizing that it was smaller than, similar to and basal to Grangeria and Litolophus (Fig 1), two traditional chalicotheres with hooves, like those of other perissodactyls.

I mistakenly thought Litolophus (Fig 1) had a unique high cranial crest. Turns out Propalaeotherium (Fig 1) has one, too. I’ve been studying every other corner of the mammal subset of the LRT, pretty much ignoring perissodactyls for too long.

Figure 1. Two perissodactyls, Propalaeotherium and Litolophus, here compared to scale with one another. Their similarities escaped my notice for 2.5 years until today. That’s the human factor at work.

Other traditional chalicotheres with claws
(not hooves), including Chalicotherium and Anisodon (Fig 2) remain nested far from perissodactyls in the large reptile tree (LRT, 2340 taxa), closer to astrapotheres and elephants.

Figure 4 Anisodon grande had longer forelimbs than hind limbs.

If you find yourself correcting an error of your own making
let others know about it ASAP. Making errors continue to be part of the scientific method, especially when building a cladogram like the LRT. It’s never been done before.

So, traditional chalicotheres have just been split apart.
Let’s move forward on this point with confirmation, refutation or modification from independent workers using a similar taxon list and their own character lists. This novel hypothesis somewhat clarifies why chalicotheres have been traditionally associated with perissodactyls – because some of them are and some of them are not.

References
wiki/Chalicotheriidae

Source: https://pterosaurheresies.wordpress.com/2026/09/02/litolophus-and-grangeria-finally-move-into-perissodactyla/

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